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Wednesday, 8 October 2025

NMIMS DEC 25 SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 9967480770

 

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INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT APPLICABLE FOR DECEMBER 2025 EXAMINATION

 

Business Analytics

Q1 A retail chain is preparing to launch a new analytics dashboard to monitor sales performance. While compiling the sales dataset, the analyst notices that several entries in the 'delivery amount' column are missing due to data entry errors and system glitches. The dataset will be used to generate visualisations for management decision-making. The analyst must select and apply the most suitable imputation method to fill in the missing values, ensuring that the resulting analysis accurately reflects business performance and is not skewed by the chosen technique. Given the scenario, how should the business analyst apply appropriate imputation methods to handle missing delivery amounts in the sales dataset, and what considerations should guide the choice between mean, median, and mode imputation for this retail context?

Q2 (A) After applying statistical inference, Mehta E-Commerce identified several factors—such as product quality, delivery speed, and customer support—that significantly impact customer satisfaction. The company must now decide how to allocate resources to address these areas, considering limited budgets and competing business objectives. Assess the strategic implications of resource allocation decisions made by Mehta E-Commerce after identifying statistically significant factors affecting customer satisfaction. How should management weigh the statistical significance of these factors against business priorities, operational constraints, and potential unintended consequences when justifying investments in improvement initiatives?

Q2 (B) A retail company has implemented a simple linear regression model to forecast monthly sales based on advertising spend. The analytics team reports a high Rsquared value, leading management to believe the model is highly reliable. However, some team members question whether R-squared alone provides a complete picture of model performance, especially given the complexity of market dynamics and the risk of overfitting. Assess the effectiveness of using the coefficient of determination (Rsquared) as the primary metric for evaluating the fit of a simple linear regression model in a business context. What are the potential pitfalls of over-relying on Rsquared, and how would you recommend balancing it with other diagnostic tools to ensure robust model assessment?

 

Cost and management Accounting

Q1 A factory produces a single product. The following information relates to the month of March:

- Standard labour time per unit = 2.0 hours.

- Standard labour rate = Rs.100 per hour.

- Actual production = 1,000 units.

- Actual hours worked (including idle time) = 2,200 hours.

- Idle time during the period = 100 hours (paid but unproductive).

- Actual average labour rate paid = Rs.95 per hour.

Overheads:

- Budgeted fixed factory overheads = Rs.1,00,000 per month.

- Budgeted variable factory overheads = Rs.20 per productive hour.

The overhead absorption basis is labour hours; standard hours for absorption = hours required for actual output (i.e., 2.0 hr × 1,000 units).

- Actual fixed overheads incurred = Rs.1,10,000.

- Actual variable overheads incurred = Rs.46,000.

Required:

(a) Calculate the standard labour cost for the output, actual labour cost, labour rate variance, labour efficiency variance.

(b) Compute the overhead absorption rate per hour, overheads absorbed, and state whether overheads are over- or under-absorbed and by how much.

(c) Suggest two control measures (brief) — one for labour cost control and one for overhead control.

Q2 (A) A manufacturing company is reviewing its inventory valuation methods. The finance team notes that FIFO and LIFO, each impact reported profits, tax liabilities, and inventory values differently, especially during periods of volatile material prices. The operations team is concerned about the complexity of calculations and the alignment with actual material flows. The management team must decide which method best supports both financial reporting and operational needs. Evaluate the implications of choosing between FIFO, LIFO for inventory valuation in a manufacturing company experiencing frequent price fluctuations. How should management decide which method to adopt, and what improvements would you suggest to ensure both financial accuracy and operational efficiency?

Q2 (B) A textile mill’s spinning department reported an abnormal gain this quarter, with actual production surpassing the normal output due to enhanced worker efficiency and minor process improvements. While this has led to lower per-unit costs and higher reported profits, the finance director is concerned about whether this gain is sustainable and how it should influence future budgeting, cost estimation, and operational planning. Assess the managerial response to an abnormal gain in a textile mill’s spinning process, where actual output exceeded expected levels due to improved worker efficiency. How should management adjust future cost estimates and operational strategies in light of this abnormal gain, and what are the potential risks of misinterpreting such gains in process costing?

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Human resource Management

Q1. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories is creating a new global compliance manager position to oversee regulatory requirements across multiple countries. The HR team must conduct a job analysis to define the role’s responsibilities, required competencies, and performance standards. Given the complexity and international scope, relying on a single data collection method may not capture all relevant aspects. The HR team must select and combine appropriate job analysis methods, such as interviews, questionnaires, and observation, to ensure the job description and specification are robust and support effective recruitment and performance management. How should the HR team at Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories apply multiple job analysis data collection methods to ensure comprehensive and accurate job information for a new global role, considering the limitations of each method?

Q2 (A) A multinational corporation is recruiting for several global leadership positions. The HR team is debating whether to use structured interviews, which ensure consistency and comparability, or unstructured interviews, which allow for deeper exploration of candidates’ personalities and cultural fit. The company values both fairness and the ability to identify leaders who can thrive in diverse, cross-cultural environments. Assess the effectiveness of using structured versus unstructured interviews in the selection process for a multinational corporation seeking to fill global leadership roles.

Q2 (B) A large multinational is considering a major investment in AI-powered learning platforms and data analytics to personalize employee training and track development outcomes. While some leaders see this as a way to future-proof the workforce and increase agility, others worry about employee resistance, data privacy, and the loss of human touch in development. The HRD team must evaluate the overall impact of technology-driven interventions and propose strategies to ensure effective implementation. Critique the effectiveness of using technology-driven HRD interventions, such as AI-powered learning platforms and data analytics, in enhancing employee competencies and organizational agility.

 

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Legal aspects of business

Q1. Ravi and Priya want to start a company to sell organic food products. Their consultant tells them they must prepare and register a Memorandum of Association (MOA) with the Registrar of Companies. Ravi thinks the MOA is just a registration formality. Priya says it is important because it decides what the company can and cannot do. A year later, they plan to start a travel agency under the same company. Can they do

this without changing their MOA? Explain the purpose of registering an MOA and advise them.

Q2 (A) Ravi agrees to supply 1,000 chairs to Meera for Rs.5,00,000. After delivering 600 chairs, Ravi asks for payment for those. Meera refuses, saying the contract was for the full 1,000 chairs and she will only pay after all are delivered. Later, Meera sells 500 of the chairs already delivered. Can Ravi claim payment for the 600 chairs? Explain using the concept of partial performance under the Indian Contract Act, referring to when such partial performance can be accepted or rejected.

Q2 (B) Ramesh, a shopkeeper, is unconscious after a road accident. His neighbour Suresh takes him to a private hospital, which immediately provides emergency treatment worth Rs.50,000. After recovering, Ramesh refuses to pay, saying there was no agreement between him and the hospital. The hospital asks Suresh to pay, but Suresh says he only helped and should be reimbursed. Advise the hospital and Suresh using the concept of quasi-contract under the Indian Contract Act.

 

Operations management

Q1 A fast-growing meal kit delivery startup is experiencing operational bottlenecks as it tries to offer more customization options to customers, such as dietary preferences and portion sizes. While customers appreciate the flexibility, the increased complexity is leading to higher costs, longer lead times, and more frequent errors in order fulfillment. The operations manager is considering using PCN analysis to map out the process and identify opportunities to streamline operations without sacrificing the personalized experience that differentiates the brand. How should the operations manager apply Process-Chain-Network (PCN) analysis to redesign the service delivery process, balancing the need for customization with operational efficiency and cost control?

Q2 (A) A switchgear manufacturer must plan production for the next year. The company can either maintain a constant workforce and production rate (level strategy), incurring inventory holding and backorder costs, or adjust capacity each period (chase strategy), incurring overtime, undertime, hiring, and layoff costs. The workforce is skilled, and frequent changes may affect morale and productivity. The company seeks to minimize total costs while ensuring operational stability. Evaluate the implications of choosing a level strategy versus a chase strategy for a manufacturer of electrical switchgears, given the cost structures and operational realities described. Justify which strategy you would recommend, considering factors such as inventory costs, workforce stability, and the feasibility of frequent hiring or layoffs.

Q2 (B) An established Indian manufacturing company is experiencing pressure from customers demanding greater variety, customization, and faster delivery of products. At the same time, the firm must control costs and maintain operational efficiency to remain competitive against global players. The management is considering whether to invest in flexible manufacturing systems, redesign its supply chain, or limit product variety. Evaluate the implications of increasing customer expectations and product/service proliferation on the operations management practices of an Indian manufacturing firm. Critically discuss how the firm should balance customization, cost control, and operational complexity, and justify which strategies would best position the firm for sustained competitiveness in a liberalized economy.

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Strategic management

Q1 Queens Magic Land, a leading theme park operator, diversified into the quick service restaurant (QSR) sector by leveraging its success with healthy food options in its parks. Despite initial customer interest, the chain quickly faced losses due to high competition, operational costs, and fading novelty. The QSR market is saturated with established brands like McDonald’s, KFC, and local players, making it difficult for the new entrant to sustain its premium, health-focused positioning. The management is now evaluating how to reposition the QSR business using Porter’s cost leadership, differentiation, or focus strategies to carve out a sustainable niche and improve profitability. Given the scenario, how can Queens Magic Land apply Porter’s generic strategies to reposition its quick service restaurant (QSR) business and regain competitive advantage in a crowded market with both international and domestic players?

Q2 (A) Let us assume that Marico Limited, which is a leading player in the beauty and wellness industry, has implemented a range of sustainability initiatives, including energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, and waste reduction. These efforts have required significant operational adjustments and ongoing commitment. However, the company faces challenges in managing the trade-offs between environmental sustainability and other business priorities, such as cost control and supply chain efficiency. The management team is evaluating whether their current environmental scanning practices adequately capture both the risks and opportunities presented by ecological and societal trends. Critically assess Marico Limited’s approach to sustainability and efficient manufacturing in the context of environmental scanning. Briefly explain how well Marico balance the strategic opportunities and risks associated with ecological and societal trends.

Q2 (B) A large conglomerate with multiple business units across various industries relies heavily on the BCG Growth-Share Matrix to allocate resources and make investment decisions. While the matrix provides a clear visual representation of business unit performance, some managers argue that it oversimplifies complex realities and may lead to suboptimal decisions, especially in fast-changing markets. Critically assess the decision of a diversified conglomerate to use the BCG Growth-Share Matrix as its primary tool for portfolio analysis. Briefly explain the limitations of this approach in today’s dynamic business environment, and how the company might improve its strategic decision-making process. You may use relevant examples to support your analysis.

 

Business valuation

Q1 Mr. Sharma has Rs.80,000 to invest for 3 years. He is choosing between two short term offers:

Instrument A (Bank Fixed Deposit): Quoted 5.2% p.a. nominal, compounded quarterly.

Instrument B (Company Deposit): Simple interest at 6% p.a. for 3 years.

Calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) and maturity value for Instrument A after 3 years. Also compute the maturity value of the Rs.80,000 invested in Instrument B after 3 years. Comment which instrument gives a higher maturity amount for Mr. Sharma and why?

Q2 (A) ABC Pvt. Ltd., a family-owned business, is considering (a) selling part of the promoters’ stake to raise funds, (b) acquiring a small competitor, and (c) managing a shareholder’s exit. In which of these situations would a company valuation be necessary, and why is it important for each case?

Q2 (B) LMN Ltd. reported the following financial information for the year ending March 2024: Revenue of Rs.10,00,000, Cost of Goods Sold of Rs.6,50,000, Operating Expenses of Rs.2,00,000, and Interest & Taxes of Rs.50,000. Calculate Gross Profit Margin Net Profit Margin. Briefly interpret the results.

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Capital market

1) Reeva Capital, a newly launched Indian fintech-driven brokerage firm, is planning to expand its services by catering to both retail and institutional investors. Their CTO wants to ensure smooth trade execution through the selection of appropriate trading platforms, order types, and mechanisms. As the Chief Market Strategist, you are tasked with drafting a strategy that outlines the application of market structure concepts to enhance trade efficiency and market access.

Based on this scenario, answer the following:

Question:

Discuss the role of different types of trading orders (Market, Limit, Stoploss) that Reeva Capital should support for clients, with examples of when each would be practically used. Evaluate whether Reeva Capital should act as a broker, dealer, or market maker in the Indian context. Justify with functions and regulatory implications.

How should Reeva Capital handle liquidity concerns, especially when catering to institutional investors? Explain using the concept of market depth and Indian trading platforms.

2 (A) Astra Capital, a registered stockbroking firm in India, recently onboarded a new institutional client from Singapore. During the client onboarding process, Astra's compliance officer notices that the client is indirectly linked to a promoter group of a listed Indian company. Meanwhile, one of Astra’s analysts accidentally shares a draft research report about that company before it is officially published. As the Compliance Head of Astra Capital, you are required to evaluate the regulatory and ethical risks involved and suggest a compliant course of action under Indian capital market regulations.

Question:

Identify and explain two key regulatory and ethical concerns in this scenario. How should Astra Capital address these concerns in accordance with Indian regulatory frameworks and ethical investment practices?

2 (B) Ritika, a young fund manager at a boutique investment firm in Mumbai, is designing a new mutual fund scheme for moderately risk-tolerant investors. She selects 6 Indian stocks from various sectors (banking, IT, FMCG, pharma, infra, and renewable energy). Her objective is to maximize returns while reducing overall risk through diversification.

However, a senior analyst questions whether the selected portfolio truly follows Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), especially in terms of risk-return tradeoff and efficient frontier alignment.

Question:

Based on the above case, explain how Ritika can apply Modern Portfolio Theory to construct an efficient portfolio. In your answer, mention:

a) How diversification reduces risk

b) How expected return and standard deviation help in evaluating portfolios

c) What role the efficient frontier plays in this decision-making

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Corporate Finance

Q1 An Indian FMCG company is experiencing rapid sales growth but is facing frequent cash flow shortages, leading to delayed supplier payments and missed opportunities for bulk inventory discounts. The CEO is concerned that poor liquidity management could undermine the company’s reputation and growth prospects. The finance manager must analyze the situation and implement effective working capital management strategies to optimize cash flow and maintain smooth operations. How should the finance manager apply working capital management principles to resolve the company’s liquidity challenges, ensuring operational efficiency and the ability to capitalize on new business opportunities?

Q2 (A) A perpetuity pays Rs.25,000 at the end of each year. However, due to inflation, the payment increases by 4% annually. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. After 15 years, the perpetuity is expected to be replaced by a new instrument that pays a fixed Rs.60,000 per year in perpetuity, discounted at 8%. Calculate the present value of this entire cash flow stream as of today, considering the change in payment structure and discount rates after year 15.

Q2 (B) A company issues Rs.50,00,000 in 8% redeemable preference shares at a 5% premium, redeemable at par after 6 years. Annual dividend is paid on face value. The issue expenses are 2% of the face value. Calculate the cost of preference shares, considering the effect of issue expenses and premium, and interpret how this cost would impact the company’s overall cost of capital if preference shares constitute 20% of the capital structure. Show all intermediate steps.

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Financial derivatives

Q1 Rohan is an investor interested in Global Tech Ltd., which is currently trading at Rs.1,800 per share. He is considering two options contracts:

A call option with a strike price of Rs.1,750 and a premium of Rs.120 per share.

A put option with a strike price of Rs.1,850 and a premium of Rs.100 per share.

Calculate the intrinsic value, time value, and profit or loss for both the call and put options if the stock price rises to Rs.1,900 at expiry and if the stock price remains at Rs.1,800 at expiry Also comment what should be the minimum stock price at expiry at which Rohan will make a profit on the call option, and the maximum stock price at expiry at which he will make a profit on the put option.

Q2 (A) Priya, an investor, buys 50 futures contracts of ABC Ltd. at a futures price of Rs.2,000 per share, with each contract representing 10 shares. The exchange requires daily mark-to-market (MTM) settlement. Over the next three days, the closing futures prices are Rs.2,020 on Day 1, Rs.2,010 on Day 2, and Rs.1,990 on Day 3. Calculate Priya’s daily profit or loss based on the change in futures prices each day. Also determine the total net gain or loss for Priya after the three days of MTM settlement.

Q2 (B) ABC Ltd., an Indian exporter, is expecting to receive USD 100,000 from a client in the United States in three months. The current exchange rate is Rs.82/USD, but the company is concerned that the rupee may strengthen by the time the payment is received, reducing the rupee value of the payment. Explain how ABC Ltd. can use a forward contract to hedge against this exchange rate risk.

 

Research methodology

1. A consulting firm is preparing to launch a research project on the impact of remote work on employee productivity. The project lead, inspired by recent client experiences, is eager to proceed quickly and has drafted a hypothesis based on anecdotal evidence. However, the team is concerned about the risk of duplicating existing studies and missing key variables such as digital fatigue and communication barriers. They recognize the need to conduct a thorough literature review but are unsure how to structure it to inform their research objectives and methodology. Based on the scenario, how should the research team apply the principles of a critical literature review to ensure their study on remote work and employee productivity is both original and relevant, while avoiding duplication of existing research?

2 (A) A management intern is tasked with studying customer behavior at a busy café in Bangalore. She considers two options: observing customers without their knowledge to capture natural behavior (concealed observation), or informing them in advance and obtaining consent (unconcealed observation). The café owner is open to either method but is concerned about both data authenticity and ethical standards. Evaluate the ethical and methodological implications of choosing concealed (covert) observation over unconcealed (overt) observation in a study of customer behavior in a public café. Weigh the potential for authentic data against the ethical responsibilities of the researcher, and justify which approach would be more appropriate in this context.

2 (B) A research team is analyzing customer satisfaction survey data collected using a 5- point Likert scale. For ease of analysis, they consider treating the ordinal data as interval data to calculate means and run parametric tests. Some team members question whether this is methodologically sound and worry about the impact on the study’s conclusions. Evaluate the implications of treating ordinal data from a Likert scale as interval data in statistical analysis. Should the research team proceed with this approach, or are there risks to the validity of their findings? Justify your recommendation with reference to measurement theory.

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Strategic cost management

Q1 A manufacturing company produces both high-volume and low-volume products. Historically, it has used traditional costing, allocating overheads based on direct labour hours. Recently, management discovered that high-volume products were being over-costed, while low-volume products were under-costed, leading to poor pricing decisions and declining profits. The company is considering implementing Activity-Based Costing (ABC) to gain a more accurate understanding of product costs and to improve its competitive position in the market. Based on the scenario, how should the management of a multi-product manufacturing company apply the steps of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) to address cost distortions caused by traditional costing, and what specific actions should be taken to ensure more accurate product costing and improved profitability?

Q2 (A) Acme Electronics, a leading UK-based consumer electronics manufacturer, is experiencing shrinking profit margins due to rising raw material costs and intense competition. The management is debating whether to continue manufacturing key components in-house, which ensures quality and shorter lead times but is becoming increasingly expensive, or to outsource production to lower-cost international suppliers, which could reduce costs but may compromise quality and introduce logistical complexities. The board is divided, with some members prioritizing immediate cost savings and others concerned about long-term brand reputation and operational risks. Critically evaluate the decision faced by Acme Electronics regarding whether to continue in-house manufacturing of components or outsource production to international suppliers. Considering the trade-offs between cost savings, quality control, and logistical challenges, which option would you recommend and why? Justify your answer by weighing the long-term strategic implications for profitability and competitiveness.

Q2 (B) A company operates at 60% of its total capacity, producing 12,000 units per month. The fixed cost is Rs.3,00,000 per month, and the variable cost per unit is Rs.100. The selling price per unit is Rs.180. The management is considering increasing production to 90% capacity, but this will require an additional fixed cost of Rs.1,20,000 per month and will reduce the variable cost per unit by 10% due to economies of scale. However, to sell the additional output, the company must offer a 5% discount on the selling price for all units. Should the company increase production to 90% capacity? Calculate the change in monthly profit if the proposal is implemented.

 

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Saturday, 27 September 2025

NMIMS DEC 25 SEM 1 SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 9967480770

 

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INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT APPLICABLE FOR DECEMBER 2025 EXAMINATION

 

Business Communication

Q1. A consumer goods company, is launching a new line of organic cleaning products. The marketing team, led by a new manager, has developed a campaign that focuses solely on the superior cleaning power of the products. The campaign copy is dense with technical details about the proprietary formula. A focus group, however, revealed that the target audience is primarily motivated by environmental sustainability and health benefits, not just cleaning effectiveness. The feedback also highlighted that the language was too formal and lacked an emotional connection. What specific adjustments should Sarah's team make to their persuasive messaging strategy to better align with the audience's motivations and achieve a successful product launch?

Q2 (A). A manager at a software company must inform a long-time employee that their performance is consistently below expectations, and a formal performance improvement plan is being initiated. The manager's goal is to ensure the employee understands the seriousness of the situation while maintaining a professional relationship. What is the primary purpose of a negative performance review in this scenario?

Q2 (B) Larsen & Toubro (L&T) is a multinational conglomerate with a significant digital presence, using various platforms for internal and external communication. L&T's communication strategy includes internal podcasts for employee training, interactive dashboards on their website for stakeholder engagement, and real-time messaging apps for project teams. This approach allows them to streamline processes and maintain a cohesive brand identity across different channels and audiences. Based on the caselet, identify and explain two ways L&T leverages digital communication to enhance business practices, citing specific examples from the text.

 

Financial Accounting

Q1 A national retail chain is experiencing rapid growth, opening 50 new stores in a single financial year and launching several promotional campaigns that offer deferred payment options to customers. The finance team is struggling to determine the correct timing for recognizing revenue from sales made under these promotions and matching related expenses, as cash inflows and outflows do not always align with the delivery of goods and services. The CFO is concerned that improper application of accounting principles could distort the company’s reported profitability and mislead stakeholders. Based on the scenario, how should the finance team at a rapidly expanding retail chain apply the accrual and realisation concepts to ensure accurate revenue and expense recognition during a period of aggressive store openings and promotional campaigns?

Q2 (A) TechGen Inc., a leading technology company, recently undertook a comprehensive review of its accounting practices for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. The company meticulously followed each step of the accounting cycle, from recording transactions in subsidiary books to preparing financial statements, with the goal of improving transparency and regulatory compliance. However, the CFO is concerned about potential gaps in the process that could affect stakeholder trust and is seeking your critical assessment of their current approach. Critically evaluate TechGen Inc.'s approach to ensuring accuracy and transparency in its accounting cycle, particularly in the context of regulatory compliance and stakeholder trust. Considering the multiple stages from transaction recording to financial statement preparation, what improvements or alternative strategies could be justified to further enhance the reliability of its financial reporting?

 

Q2 (B) From the following Trial Balance of Gupta & Sons for the years ended December 31,

2018, Prepare:

1. Trading Account

2. Profit & Loss Account

3. Balance Sheet as on that date

Name of the Account Debit Balances Credit Balances

Rs. Rs.

Capital 5,00,000

Sales 10,00,000

Sales Returns 25,000

Purchases 5,00,000

Purchases Returns 15,000

Inventory as on 1.1.18 60,000

Land & Buildings 4,00,000

Plant & Machinery 3,00,000

Furniture 1,00,000

Wages 50,000 -

Carriage Inwards 10,000

Provision for Bad Debts 7,000

Carriage Outwards 5,000

Cartage 5,000

Salaries 40,000

Loan 2,60,000

Debtors 1,50,000

Creditors 70,000

Rent 8,000

Bills Receivable 40,000

Acceptances 10,000

General Expenses 20,000

Rent & Rates 10,000

Investments 50,000

Cash in hand 50,000

Bank Overdraft 10,000

Discount 4,500

Bad Debts 5,000 -

Interest on Investments 5,000

Interest on Bank Overdraft 500

Goodwill 60,000

Total 18,85,000 18,85,000

 

Additional Information

1. The value of inventory on December 31, 2018 was Rs. 1,00,000

2. Depreciation is to be provided on: Land & Building @ 5% p.a. Furniture @ 10% p.a.

Plant & Machinery Rs. 50,000.

3. Provision for Bad Debts is to be maintained @ 5% on debtors.

4. Wages are outstanding to the extent of Rs. 4,000 and Salaries to the extent of Rs. 3,000.

5. Rent and Rates are prepaid to the extent of 1/4th of the amount paid.

6. Interest on Investment outstanding is Rs. 1,000

7. Rent to the extent of Rs. 2,000 has been received in advance.

 

Marketing Management

Q1 A mid-sized fast-food chain is struggling to compete with larger brands and new entrants in a highly saturated market. Customer feedback indicates that while the food quality is acceptable, the brand lacks a unique identity and customer loyalty is low. The management is considering various differentiation strategies—product innovation, superior service, unique delivery channels, staff training, and brand image enhancement—to create a sustainable competitive advantage and attract new customer segments. How should a mid-sized fast-food chain apply differentiation strategies to stand out in a saturated market, using the concepts of product, service, channel, people, and image differentiation? Recommend a comprehensive approach and justify your choices based on the scenario.

Q2 (A) Coca-Cola, long associated with sugary soft drinks, faced declining sales due to rising health concerns and stricter regulations on sugar content. The company responded by diversifying its product portfolio to include bottled water, teas, and low- or zero calorie

beverages, and reformulated existing products. As a marketing strategist, you are tasked with evaluating whether Coca-Cola’s strategic adaptations have been comprehensive and sustainable in maintaining its market leadership. Evaluate the effectiveness of Coca-Cola’s adaptation strategy in response to increasing health consciousness and regulatory pressures. Critique the company’s product innovation and marketing diversification, and assess whether these changes sufficiently address both consumer demands and competitive threats in the beverage industry.

Q2 (B) Starbucks transformed from a single coffee bean store in Seattle to a global brand by integrating premium products, a unique cafĂ© experience, and a powerful brand identity. The company’s strategy included sourcing high-quality beans, creating a welcoming environment, and building an emotional connection with customers through its iconic branding. As Starbucks continues to innovate, it faces challenges from emerging competitors and changing consumer preferences. Assess the effectiveness of Starbucks’ integrated approach to products, services, and branding in creating exceptional customer value. In your evaluation, consider how the interplay of high-quality products, personalized service, and a strong brand identity contributed to Starbucks’ global expansion and customer loyalty. What potential improvements or alternative strategies could further enhance its competitive advantage?

 

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Micro Economics & Macro Economics

Q1 A popular coffee brand, BrewBuzz, has introduced a loyalty program offering every 6th coffee free. At the same time, a new health study revealed that moderate coffee consumption boosts productivity and reduces stress. These developments have attracted new customers and encouraged existing ones to buy more coffee. Based on the above scenario, apply your understanding to identify whether this scenario reflects a movement along the demand curve or a shift of the demand curve. Discuss the direction of the shift and how this change could influence BrewBuzz’s sales volumes and potential pricing strategy.

Q2 (A) A premium coffee chain, “Bean Bliss,” recently increased the price of its signature latte by 20% due to rising operational costs. Following this, the chain observed varied changes in sales across different outlets. In metropolitan cities, the sales remained almost unchanged, while in smaller towns, there was a significant drop in demand. Interestingly, customers who were highly brand loyal continued purchasing despite the price hike, whereas price-sensitive customers shifted to local coffee shops. Analyze the above scenario and identify how different determinants of elasticity of demand—such as availability of substitutes, level of income, brand loyalty, time frame, share in total expenditure, competitive nature of the industry, and preferences/habits—are influencing the elasticity of demand for “Bean Bliss” in different markets. Provide a detailed explanation linking each determinant to the observed customer behavior.

Q2 (B) A consumer electronics company, TechNova, is preparing to launch a next generation smart home device. With no reliable historical data available, the management is considering using a structured approach to gather forecasts from industry experts, researchers, and experienced marketers. The process involves several rounds of anonymous feedback, with each round refining the estimates until a consensus is reached. Evaluate the above demand forecasting method being used in the given scenario, and the technique in detail. You are required to justify whether this method is the most appropriate choice for TechNova, providing well-reasoned arguments supported by the nature of the product, market uncertainty, and the decision-making needs of the company.

 

Organizational Behavior

Q1. A finance department manager at Technova observes that Team A, composed of young, outgoing professionals, excels in creativity and collaboration but struggles with consistency and deadlines. Team B, made up of experienced staff, is highly structured and task-focused but faces frequent interpersonal conflicts and lacks innovation. The manager wants to merge both teams for a critical project but is concerned about balancing their contrasting personalities and work styles. The HR manager is tasked with designing a team-building intervention that leverages the strengths of both teams while minimizing their weaknesses. Based on the scenario, how should the HR manager apply the Big Five personality traits model to design a team-building intervention that addresses both the creativity of Team A and the structure of Team B, ensuring improved productivity and reduced conflict?

Q2 (A) Google is renowned for its innovative and motivating work environment, offering employees autonomy (20% time for personal projects), transparency, recognition programs, and wellness benefits. The company encourages risk-taking and creativity, and invests heavily in employee well-being. However, as Google grows, some employees express concerns about maintaining the same level of motivation and engagement. Evaluate the motivational strategies used by Google, as described in the caselet, through the lens of Herzberg’s two-factor theory.

Q2 (B) Emma, a results-driven team leader, hides her frustration from her team during stressful periods, leading to confusion and reduced support from her members. In contrast, Joseph, another team leader, openly shares his stress and vulnerabilities, fostering understanding and support from his team. Both leaders operate in a fast paced organization where deadlines are critical, and team morale directly impacts productivity. Critically evaluate the approaches taken by Emma and Joseph in managing their emotional transparency with their teams, using the Johari Window framework.

 

Quantitative Methods - I

Q1. A telecommunications company is piloting a new internet service and surveys 250 randomly selected customers, finding that 162 express interest in subscribing. The marketing analyst is required to estimate, with 90% confidence, the proportion of the entire customer base likely to be interested in the new service. The analyst must apply the correct estimation approach for proportions and ensure the results are suitable for strategic decision-making. In this scenario, how should the marketing analyst apply the interval estimation formula for proportions to determine the confidence interval for the proportion of customers interested in a new service? Explain your reasoning and the steps involved.

Q2 (A) A financial advisory firm tracks client satisfaction rates for three advisors. Initially, the firm uses prior probabilities based on the number of clients per advisor. After a client reports high satisfaction, the firm wants to update the probability that this client was served by each advisor using Bayes’ theorem. The management is debating whether this approach will yield actionable insights for performance evaluation and resource allocation. Assess the appropriateness of applying Bayes’ theorem to revise probabilities in a financial advisory firm where new information about client satisfaction becomes available. What factors should the firm consider to ensure the revised probabilities are meaningful and actionable? Critically justify your evaluation.

Q2 (B) A large financial institution is standardizing its risk analysis procedures. Some departments use Excel’s NORM.DIST and NORM.INV functions for normal distribution calculations, while others rely on the traditional z-table. Management is concerned about consistency, accuracy, and the ease of training new analysts. The institution must decide which method to adopt as the standard for all probability calculations. Assess the implications of using Excel’s NORM.DIST and NORM.INV functions versus the traditional z-table for probability calculations in a large financial institution. How should the institution weigh the trade-offs between computational efficiency, accuracy, and interpretability when standardizing probability analysis across departments?

 

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